History Of Indian National Congress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2803 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Development of the Indian economy through Labour legislations: an examination on how the Indian National Congress developed Indian economy by Labour legislations. This proposal outlines the research I intend to undertake to complete the requirements of LLM. INTRODUCTION History of Indian National Congress Party:- Before discussing about the economic developments brought by legislations of Indian National Congress Party in India, there should be a fair idea about Indian National Congress Party. The foundation of The Indian National Congress was laid on 28th December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with only 72 delegates attending the event. Allan Octavian Hume a prominent Englishman and civil servant then in India assumed office as general secretary and Womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president. Two other British members (both Scottish civil servants )were members of the founding group. Primarily The Indian National Congress aimed at inculcating a feeling of National unity and eradicating differences arising out of race, creed and provisional prejudices. Moreover finding solution to the social problems of the country and seek the co-operation of all Indians in this doing and allow all to take part in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s administrative affai rs. Then at the beginning The Indian National Congress Party had a dominance of prominent Hindu leaders which led to a negative notion amongst the prominent Muslim citizens of the country. Moreover the ordinary population of India was not at all concerned about the organization. Any issue addressed, may it be the social oppression or the prejudiced negligence of the peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ concerns by British Authority, lack of health care and poverty, was not heard and The Indian National Congress Party was perceived as an institution of then educated and wealthy people. But it did not take Congress long to gain popularity. The members of The Indian National Congress understood the need to have a voice in the ruling British Government without which no changes can be brought about by the party. Among the very early members who understood the need and embraced the idea of Swaraj were Lokmanya tilak and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. There was an emergent need of voice in the government an d this nationalist sentiment of being a part and representing the government bodies was personified by a prominent member Dadabhai Naoroji who successfully contested an election to the British House of Commons, thus becoming the eldest Indian statesman. He was aided in this election campaign by aspiring young students of India like Muhammad Ali Jinnah who later became the first prime minister of Pakistan. The Indian national Congress played the most important role under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the liberation of India from the British rule. The Indian National Congress acted as the main platform for the National Freedom Struggle, beard the torch for secular politics and unified the divergent forces in the country. The Indian National Congress also laid the foundation for national parliamentary democracy. On 15th August, 1947 India became independent with the Indian National Congress Supreme at center and in all state legislatures. Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru became the fir st prime minister of India who described independence for the country to be freedom for her people. India under his leadership eventually emerged as the exemplar for all humanity with unity based on the celebration of diversity. From the very beginning of its independent existence, Indian government was reeling with poverty problem, rising unorganized labour sectors, rural illiteracy, extreme lack of infrastructure and basic amenities. While the main organized force behind making the Indian National Congress successful was the working class, distinctly. The historic dimensions of labour and employee legislations date back to the times of Indian freedom movement, when the Indian National Congress focused on the poor state of the labour class under the British rule. The struggle for freedom of India was mainly supported by civil disobedience which meant that no worker would work inflicting loss to the British Government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of Indian National Congress" essay for you Create order Background of labour legislation by the Indian National Congress in India After Independence, naturally, the labouring class of India kept high hopes from the Indian National Congress and wanted much preference. But the early prime ministers of India representing the Indian National Congress were unable to recognize this fact which led to rise to unpopularity among them. When Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister of India from the Indian National Congress, she recognized the issue and galvanized the party with a slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garibi Hataoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This established an integral and dynamic link with the downtrodden, poorest of the poor and the underprivileged giving impetus to economic growth, social justice and combined industrialization with technological development, agriculture and self reliance. This era can be marked in the history of the India by significant labour legislations to cope up with the growing industrialization in the country. The primary employee of an industry is its labour force. The labour force in India migrated f rom the rural areas to the urban areas and was classified as arrogant, illiterate, uncontrollable, undisciplined, untrained and unskilled; this assessment was made on the organized labour which constituted only 8% of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total labour force. The rest fell under the category of unorganized sector who were not totally taken care of. The then Indian employee legislation, oriented to the safeguarding of employees and protecting them against all exploitation. These government controlled legislation were bannered under labour commissioners, labour officer conciliation, inspectorates, enforcement officers and others. The Indian National Congress also aimed by these legislations to the grooming of employees by industrial training. On the contrary, it was natural on the part of the Indian employer to extend his arms towards maximum profits, who invested money, in setting up and running an organization, through their own sources or by joint venture or by loans from different financial institution. This resulted in the exploitation of human resource and reduced quality of production under the wrong notion of more production at low cost. Simultaneously, the employers were surrounded by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yes Sirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? officers who were unable to give proper advice when a crisis emerged. All the managers namely labour, personal or the human resource managers were ill-equipped to achieve industrial harmony and peace or industrial democracy. The executives thus needed urgent training in labour legislations, sociology, psychology etc. The trade unions, a necessary evil, stood as a headache for the government. The trade union movement dates back to the pre independent era in India and is still a ripe and proper source for the working class to get themselves heard by the authorities and government. The Indian National Congress tried its level best to codify the labour laws. To guarantee protection and social security to the labouring class the Indian National Congress led government enacted several labour laws, such as:- The Factories Act of 1948 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Minimum Wages Act. The Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 The Payment of Bonus Act,1965 The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1962 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Each and every Act above listed had specific purposes. THE NEED AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK Though the reformatory labour legislations by the Indian National Congress have brought forward economic boom in India. The main purpose of it was to secure the interests and well being of the labour class and encourage more people to work in industries hence promoting speedy industrialization of the nation. Over the years, the main agenda and purpose behind those legislations have lost their significance. The labour legislations have significantly shown parallel dimensions, one detrimental another betterment and advancement of lives of the working class along with the socio-economic condition of the country respectively. A review on Indian labour laws consisting rights of labours is urgently needed, particularly keeping in mind the growth of industry and services. The most important issues which were identified over the years in the area of labour reforms are multiple and parallel labour legislations, issues relating to appropriate government and jurisdictions, multiplicity of authorities, lack of uniformity in definition, minimum wages and malicious inspection reports. There also are some loopholes in legislations on recently evolved industry times like the SEZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. In the recent years it has been witnessed that the ruling government i.e. the Indian National Congress party is losing its tracks of labour welfare and drifting towards globalization of the economy, whilst the working class is getting exploited as new scopes of legislations are evolving which have less or no governing labour legislations to facilitate them. This work will investigate the problems encountered by the different sectors of the labouring class, the discrepancies in labour legislations and try to find solution to the emerging problems and loop holes in the legislations. This research will provide a rigorous analysis of the available academic literature, government commission reports and legal reviews combined with primary research into the ways the legal legisl ations in India brought forward national economic growth and how can this growth be made sustainable by correcting the flaws and loopholes in the legislation of labour laws, making them at par with the present boom in economy and national industrial growth. AIM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a critical evaluation on the development of Indian economy through labour legislations by the Indian National Congress party.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? OBJECTIVES A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party. A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations on the Indian economy. Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations. LITERATURE REVIEW à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A nation may do without its millionaires and without its capitalists, but a nation can never do without its labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- (Mahatma Gandhi) India is a federal republic. Constitutionally she is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sovereign secular democratic republicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the eighteenth century, while under British rule, India was not only a great agricultural country but also a great manufacturing country too. The looms supplied by India fed the European and Asian countries. But the British Government as a matter of policy discouraged the Indian manufacturers to encourage the rising manufacturers of England. The British oppression led to the rise and growth of the Indian Nationalism with the Indian National Congress party in the forefront. The urge of economic reforms and industrialization was evident in India from that very era. Eventually planned industrialization became Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main goal for economic development. After gaining independence the r uling Indian National Congress party immediately understood the need of industrialization to strengthen the economy and bring overall national development. The newly elected to power Indian National Congress party then knew its need to protect, promote and safeguard the interests of the labour and working class to serve both its political purpose and to uphold the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. In India there have been a number of labour legislations till date for the purpose of promoting the interests of labour keeping in view the industrial development and growth national economy. Before independence, India hardly had any labour welfare schemes. Soon after independence, the government adopted the industrial truce resolution in December 1947. Following this several legislations were enacted like Factories Act 1948, Employees State Insurance Act 1948, The payment of Bonus Act 1965 and Minimum Wages Act 1948. RESEARCH SCOPE There is a sea of academic literature on Indian labour legislations and enactments by the Indian National Congress party, so it is especially necessary to ensure that the literature review remains focused on the research objectives. I have trawled academic search engines fairly well for this proposal, but will need to continue this to ensure the pool of academic papers and books available to me is comprehensive. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will follow interpretive and positive research philosophy, a deductive research approach along with a qualitative research strategy. Why a positive and interpretive research philosophy? The research philosophy adopted for a piece of primary research under pins the way that research is carried out by defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the way [the researcher] think about the development of knowledge (Saunders et al 2003). Here a positive and the interpretive research philosophy can be applied because the labour legislations done by Indian national congress have had a positive effect on the growth of the Indian economy as a whole. This philosophy can be understood by reviewing the history of Indian national politics, its policies and the enactment of specific labour laws facilitating healthy industrial growth by promotion of labour welfare policies along with safe guarding employer interests. WHY A DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH? There is increasing research available on the success and failures of Indian labour legislations, the contributions of the Indian National congress party to the development and upliftment of Indian socio economic standards, labour laws facilitating healthy industrialization and industrial policies etc. While the objectives of this research proposal are clear:- A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party, A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations on the Indian economy, Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations. This would suggest a deductive approach to the research although, as with the research philosophy, a pure approach of either a wholly inductive or wholly deductive approach is unlikely. So overall, this research will generally follow a deductive approach, with some of the ingredients of induction. WHY A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY? This research will be underpinned by a series of structured interviews with academic persons, leading labour lawyers, sociologists and if possible member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party. A quantitative approach is not being taken as the type of research questions and the time available for the research would suggest that a small number of in-depth interviews are likely to provide sufficient information to the insight of the issue. RESEARCH METHODS Secondary research Critical examination of the existing academic literature will be an important element of the dissertation and will help in the formulation of questions to ask in the primary research. In essence, I will research and critically analyze published literature on labour legislation in the pre and post independence era of India, Indian national Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s popularity and growth due to labour support, the Indian national Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attempts to organize the work force in the nation through labour legislation, positive effects on the Indian economy due to good and timely labour and industrial law enactments. Efforts will also be made to identify the problems in labour legislations with the attempt to underline the loop holes in the laws enacted. Finally the review will consider literature which identifies the qualities of a good evaluation checklist. Primary research The Primary research will in the first instance compare the existing labour laws in India with the industrial growth. Attempts will also be taken to compare the political success of the Indian National Congress relating to the legislations it brought forward. A comparative study on the legislations of labour policies and economic boom in India will also be done. Approaches will then be made to potential interviewees from the following groups :- Academic personalities A few leading labour lawyers Sociologists And possibly a handful of member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party A structured questionnaire for use in interviewing the above will be drafted for comment from my dissertation supervisor, Interviews will then be arranged and carried out using a structured interview approach to determine views on (a) on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party (b) on the impact of the Ind ian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations on the Indian economy. (c) on the present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour legislations. Based on the above research produce conclusions, recommendations and a discussion paper for outlining the further labour legislations scopes in less legislated labour issues in India. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Firstly, I do not intend to interview many sociologists and member politicians of the Indian Nation Congress party. This is due to the reason that this group of men are not easily accessible and the data that can be extracted from the politicians will be inadequate as they were not in activity in the past years of pre independence to immediate post independence era. Secondly, the time available to me for completion of this research will be a factor. I would get only 3 days a week to concentrate on my research work as a whole. Third of all there should be great difficulty to gain access to the sources interviewed as all of them have busy schedules and facilitating me with an appointment to answer my questionnaire will be difficult and problematic for them.

What Is a Healthy Relationship - 866 Words

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Cold Equations Free Essays

1. ) What does the pilot want? To save the girl. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold Equations or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Is the pilot likely to succeed? Most likely not because by doing so he would kill others. 3. )What does the sister want? She wants to live. 4. ) Is the sister likely to succeed? I doubt it cause of there being a law and there seems theers no other way then her diying. 5. ) What does the government want? For the girl to be thrown off the ship. 6. ) Is the government likely to succeed? I belive so. 7. ) What should happen? The girl should be saved. 8. ) What will happen? The girl will most likely die. 9. )Is the pilot a â€Å"good† person or a â€Å"bad† person? Explain. The pio;t is a good person because he truly wants to save the girl but under the surcanstances he knows he can’t. 10. ) Is the sister a â€Å"good† person or a â€Å"bad† person? Explain. The sister is a good person because over all she didn’t mean to have all this happen to her she was just innocent to the knowlage of the law. 11. ) Is the government â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad†? Explain. It is good it is just doing what it has to do . 12. ) What does the title refer to? It mearns that all the math is saying that he girl must die even though its not very just. 13. ) Is this story scary? Sad? Funny? Something else? Explain. I think it is sasd because of a iniocent girl having to die. 14. ) What does the author want me to think or feel? I geuss sad. 15. ) What is the central idea of this story? That this girl is a stole away but theres not enough fuel to carry them all safely so they must throw here overboard even it its not very humanly . 16. ) What might different people do in this situation? Mabey if it was a different pilot he would have already thrown her into spaceor mabey found away to save her. If it was a different girl she may have just accepted what she did an go overboared or she could have found away to save herself. How to cite Cold Equations, Papers

Structural and Electronic Effects Acids and Bases Essay Example

Structural and Electronic Effects Acids and Bases Paper Lewis acid a substance that accepts an electron pair †¢ All BrOnsted-Lowry acids are also Lewis acids, but the reverse is not necessarily true. Any species that is electron deficient and capable of accepting an electron pair is also a Lewis acid. †¢ Common examples of Lewis acids (which are not BrOnstedLowry acids) include BF3 and AlCl3. These compounds contain elements in group 3A of the periodic table that can accept an electron pair because they do not have filled valence shells of electrons. †¢ Lewis base a substance that donates an electron pair 3 4 †¢ In a Lewis acid-base reaction, a Lewis base donates an electron pair to a Lewis acid. †¢ One bond is formed and no bonds are broken.This is illustrated in the reaction of BF3 with H2O. H2O donates an electron pair to BF3 to form a new bond. pKa’s AND ACID STRENGTH pKa An alternative to Ka to describe acid strength. (A concise way to state the strength of an acid. ) electron pair is not removed fr om the Lewis base. Instead, it is donated to an atom of the Lewis acid and one new covalent bond is formed. 5 1 Acid Strength and pKa †¢ Acid strength is the tendency of an acid to donate a proton. †¢ The more readily a compound donates a proton, the stronger an acid it is. †¢ Acidity is measured by an equilibrium constant. When a Bronsted-Lowry acid H—A is dissolved in water, an acid-base reaction occurs, and an equilibrium constant can be written for the reaction. Because the concentration of the solvent H2O is essentially constant, the equation can be rearranged and a new equilibrium constant, called the acidity constant, Ka, can be defined. It is generally more convenient when describing acid strength to use â€Å"pKa† values than Ka values. 7 8 COMPARISON OF pKa and Ka VALUES pKa = log Ka strong acids weak acids pKa -2 0 2 10-2 4 6 10-6 8 10 10-10 12 14 10-14 2 Ka 10 The smaller the value of the pKa the stronger the acid.We will use pKa to describe the strengths of acids. 10 EVALUATION OF ACID STRENGTH Commonly Used Bases in Organic Chemistry Common strong bases used in organic reactions are more varied in structure. HA + H2O H3O+ + A- In water, all acids form hydronium ion, the important factor of difference is the conjugate base. The difference between a strong acid and a weak acid is in the stability of the conjugate base. AA- E N E R G Y 11 WEAK ACID has strong conj. base (=higher energy) STRONG ACID has weak conj. base (=lower energy) HA ionization easier 2 EVALUATION OF ACID STRENGTH The weaker an acid, the stronger is its conjugate base; †¢ The stronger an acid, the weaker is its conjugate base. †¢ HCl is a very strong acid; it gives up its proton readily; its conjugate base, Cl-, has very little affinity for H+. It is a stable CB Factors that Determine Acid Strength †¢ †¢ Anything that stabilizes a conjugate base A:? makes the starting acid H—A more acidic. Four factors affect the acidity of H—A. These are: Element effects Inductive effects Resonance effects Hybridization effects †¢ No matter which factor is discussed, the same procedure is always followed.To compare the acidity of any two acids: o Always draw the conjugate bases. o Determine which conjugate base is more stable. o The more stable the conjugate base, the more acidic the acid. 14 †¢ CH3CO2H is a moderately weak acid; it gives up its proton somewhat reluctantly; its conjugate base, CH3CO2-, is weakly basic and has a modest affinity for H+. CB is relatively unstable 13 Element Effects—Trends in the Periodic Table. Factors that Determine Acid Strength: Across a row of the periodic table, the acidity of H—A increases as the electronegativity of A increases. Acids and BasesFactors that Determine Acid Strength—Inductive Effects †¢ An inductive effect is the pull of electron density through ? bonds caused by electronegativity differ-ences between atoms. †¢ In the example below, when we compare the acidities of ethanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, we note that the latter is more acidic than the former. Positive or negative charge is stabilized when it is spread over a larger volume. 15 16 †¢ When electron density is pulled away from the negative charge through ? bonds by very electronegative atoms, it is referred to as an electron withdrawing inductive effect. More electronegative atoms stabilize regions of high electron density by an electron withdrawing inductive effect. †¢ The more electronegative the atom and the closer it is to the site of the negative charge, the greater the effect. †¢ The acidity of H—A increases with the presence of electron withdrawing groups in A. TYPES OF INDUCTIVE EFFECTS ELECTRON WITHDRAWING GROUPS ELECTRON DONATING GROUPS ?Cl ?+ C ?+ CH3 ?C F, Cl, Br, N, O electronegative elements take electron density from cabon 17 R, CH3, B, Si alkyl groups and elements less electronegative than carbon don ate electron density to carbon INDUCTIVE EFFECTS HALOACIDS Chlorine helps to stabilize -CO2by withdrawing electrons Inductive effect in acids and bases O H H C H O C O H F H C H O C O H H3C H C H O C O H ?- ? + C Cl O C O O ?+ ?- ? + CH3-CO2 FCH2-CO2 CH3CH2-CO2CH3, electron donating ?Cl ?+ C ?- No substituent F, electron withdrawing C F makes O-H bond weak, easily broken – more acidic CH3 makes bond stronger, difficult to break – less acidic Strength of acids can also be determined by the stability of A:20 The effect diminishes with distance it carries for about 3 bonds.INDUCTIVE EFFECTS – 1 (EWG) increasing electronegativity INDUCTIVE EFFECTS – 2 (EDG) pKa Values H COOH CH3 CH3CH2 CH3CH2CH2 CH3 COOH COOH COOH pKa Values 3. 13 2. 87 2. 81 2. 66 CH3 COOH Cl CH2 COOH Cl Cl CH Cl Cl C COOH Cl COOH multiple substituents I Br Cl F CH2COOH CH2COOH CH2COOH CH2COOH 4. 75 2. 81 1. 29 0. 65 3. 75 4. 75 4. 87 4. 81 5. 02 CH3CH2CH2 COOH CH2CH2CH2 COOH Cl CH3 CH CH2 Cl CH3CH2 CH COOH Cl COOH 4. 8 4. 5 4. 0 2. 9 distance CH3 C COOH CH3 ELECTRONELECTRON-WITHDRAWING EFFECTS STRENGTHEN ACIDS O (-) R C OC OO (-) O OR S OOConversely †¦.. ELECTRONELECTRON-DONATING EFFECTS WEAKEN ACIDS O (-) R C OC OO (-) OOR S OO Any effect that â€Å"bleeds† electron density away from the negatively-charged end of the conjugate base will stabilize (lower the energy) of the conjugate base and therefore make the acid stronger. Any effect that â€Å"pushes† extra electron density toward the negatively-charged end of the conjugate base will destabilize (increase the energy) of the conjugate base and make the acid weaker. 4 Example 1: Compare the acids of H2O, HOCl and CH3OH Dissociation productsExample 2: Compare the acids of CH3OH, and (CH3)3COH Dissociation products H 2O HOCl CH3OH H OO O- H+ + OHH+ + ClOH+ + CH3O- CH3OH (CH3)3COH CH3 H+ + CH3OH+ + C(CH3)3O- NO EWG or EDG CH3 is EDG, therefore anion is unstable Cl is EWG, therefore anion is more st able Compare stability Compare stability CH3 Cl CH3 O- H3C C CH3 O- Both have EDGs which leads to anion instability 1 x CH3 3 x CH3, ClO gt; OH gt; CH3O most stable to least stable anion HOCl gt; H2O gt; CH3OH acid strengths 25 Therefore (CH3)3CO anion is less stable than CH3O- anion. (CH3)3COH weaker acid 26 5

Free Essays on Human Nature- Lord Of The Flies

â€Å"What we call human habit in actuality is human nature† (Jewel, Pieces of You). Society has cultivated the human mind into a sponge, which filters knowledge and moral values that are taught from birth. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding places fictitious characters on a remote island to test human instinct without outside influences. Golding uses objects such as the Island, the Conch, and the Beast to reflect aspects of our society socially, politically, and psychologically. Golding uses the island to represent the social structure of human nature. One aspect of our social structure is how different each individual is from the next. The plane, which crashed, delivered a variety of personalities with different backgrounds: Ralph, from a loving mother and father, Piggy from his overprotective Aunt, and Jack from a rebellious childhood. These boys are defined by different ages, backgrounds, and characteristics, which represent individuality among the population that exists today. Another aspect of our society is the tendency to form groups. Jack forms a rebellious group of hunters and says, â€Å"We hunt and feast and have fun.† (140). The other, more conservative group, is led by Ralph who states, â€Å"I’d like to put on war-paint and be a savage. But we must keep the fire burning.† (142). This reflects how humans tend to group together and have contrasting beliefs. Political parties today, in which one is more conservative or libera l than the next exemplify a parallel to this statement. The last aspect of society is shown in the war, which displays how socially, humans tend to fight with violence and animosity. â€Å"The ululation rose behind him [Ralph] and spread along, a series of short sharp cries, the sighting call† (199). Jack’s Savages start a fire to kill Ralph, the enemy, but cease to realize that they are only destroying their shelters, food supply, and sanity. This is much like the wars fought in modern ... Free Essays on Human Nature- Lord Of The Flies Free Essays on Human Nature- Lord Of The Flies â€Å"What we call human habit in actuality is human nature† (Jewel, Pieces of You). Society has cultivated the human mind into a sponge, which filters knowledge and moral values that are taught from birth. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding places fictitious characters on a remote island to test human instinct without outside influences. Golding uses objects such as the Island, the Conch, and the Beast to reflect aspects of our society socially, politically, and psychologically. Golding uses the island to represent the social structure of human nature. One aspect of our social structure is how different each individual is from the next. The plane, which crashed, delivered a variety of personalities with different backgrounds: Ralph, from a loving mother and father, Piggy from his overprotective Aunt, and Jack from a rebellious childhood. These boys are defined by different ages, backgrounds, and characteristics, which represent individuality among the population that exists today. Another aspect of our society is the tendency to form groups. Jack forms a rebellious group of hunters and says, â€Å"We hunt and feast and have fun.† (140). The other, more conservative group, is led by Ralph who states, â€Å"I’d like to put on war-paint and be a savage. But we must keep the fire burning.† (142). This reflects how humans tend to group together and have contrasting beliefs. Political parties today, in which one is more conservative or libera l than the next exemplify a parallel to this statement. The last aspect of society is shown in the war, which displays how socially, humans tend to fight with violence and animosity. â€Å"The ululation rose behind him [Ralph] and spread along, a series of short sharp cries, the sighting call† (199). Jack’s Savages start a fire to kill Ralph, the enemy, but cease to realize that they are only destroying their shelters, food supply, and sanity. This is much like the wars fought in modern ...

SAT Score Percentiles (High-Precision Version)

SAT Score Percentiles (High-Precision Version) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you looking for ultra high-precision SAT percentiles?Official SAT percentiles released by the College Board only go as far as the ones place- this means you'll see only whole numbers such as 2, 56, and 93, without any decimals. But this isn't accurate enough for some test takers. For this article, I've calculated SAT percentiles to sixdigits of precision (and, yes, every digit can help, especially if you're scoring at the high end!). Refresher: What Are SAT Score Percentiles? If you need a detailed refresher on what an SAT percentile is, I highly recommend this excellent article on how to use SAT percentiles to your advantage. In short, your SAT percentile ranking tells you how you did compared with everyone else.So if you got a 65th percentile score (sometimes spelled %ile), this means you scored better than 65% of all other test takers. Note that your percentile score is not at all like a test score out of 100.While a test score refers to the fraction of questions you got right, a percentile represents the fraction of test takers you beat. What Are the Percentile Ranges for the SAT? Most charts, including those from the College Board itself, only give SAT percentiles to two digits of precision. This leads to a lot of silly tables. For example, on the official percentiles table, a ton of SAT scores map to the 99th percentile. In fact, on the composite scores chart, 13 scores (from 1480 to 1600) correspond to the 99th percentile. This just isn't enough precision for many reasons. For example, even though a score of 1490 is in the same percentile as a perfect 1600is, you can rest assured that far fewer test takers actually get a full 1600 than they do a 1490.If you're scoring near the top of the score range, knowing high-precision SAT percentiles can be very helpful. Even for students scoring less than near-perfect SAT scores, high-precision percentiles can help. If you're competitiveand want to get into a good college, every percent matters (just take a look at sports, wherein races are often won by mere hundredths of a second!). Suppose you find out you improved from the 50th to the 51st percentile. This could be just a small jump from 50.4 to 50.5, or it could be a massive leap from 49.5 to 51.4. One is 19 times larger than the other!In other words, high-precision SAT percentiles help you understand more about your own SAT scoring abilities and improvements. High-Precision, 6-Digit SAT Percentiles Chart Without further ado, here is our high-precision SAT percentiles table. Note: To make this table, I used official SAT score data from 2015. So why not 2017 data? 2015 was thelast time the College Board released charts detailing the exact number of test takers that got every possible score on the SAT. (Nowadays, they only release ranges.) But since percentiles don't change much from year to year, these high-precision percentiles should still hold true today. Old SAT Score New SAT Score Percentile 2400 1600 99.9826 2390 1593 99.9581 2380 1587 99.9411 2370 1580 99.9157 2360 1573 99.8801 2350 1567 99.8413 2340 1560 99.7950 2330 1553 99.7354 2320 1547 99.6664 2310 1540 99.5923 2300 1533 99.5141 2290 1527 99.4276 2280 1520 99.3395 2270 1513 99.2459 2260 1507 99.1397 2250 1500 99.0273 2240 1493 98.9104 2230 1487 98.7855 2220 1480 98.6515 2210 1473 98.5063 2200 1467 98.3528 2190 1460 98.1924 2180 1453 98.0238 2170 1447 97.8469 2160 1440 97.6597 2150 1433 97.4642 2140 1427 97.2555 2130 1420 97.0358 2120 1413 96.8045 2110 1407 96.5559 2100 1400 96.2958 2090 1393 96.0276 2080 1387 95.7529 2070 1380 95.4650 2060 1373 95.1588 2050 1367 94.8398 2040 1360 94.5099 2030 1353 94.1634 2020 1347 93.7955 2010 1340 93.4120 2000 1333 93.0201 1990 1327 92.6195 1980 1320 92.2101 1970 1313 91.7854 1960 1307 91.3402 1950 1300 90.8779 1940 1293 90.3975 1930 1287 89.9012 1920 1280 89.3846 1910 1273 88.8429 1900 1267 88.2867 1890 1260 87.7155 1880 1253 87.1305 1870 1247 86.5287 1860 1240 85.9086 1850 1233 85.2697 1840 1227 84.6085 1830 1220 83.9373 1820 1213 83.2498 1810 1207 82.5362 1800 1200 81.7995 1790 1193 81.0451 1780 1187 80.2791 1770 1180 79.4952 1760 1173 78.6945 1750 1167 77.8770 1740 1160 77.0333 1730 1153 76.1735 1720 1147 75.3036 1710 1140 74.4108 1700 1133 73.4994 1690 1127 72.5711 1680 1120 71.6280 1670 1113 70.6719 1660 1107 69.7021 1650 1100 68.7169 1640 1093 67.7098 1630 1087 66.6887 1620 1080 65.6533 1610 1073 64.5884 1600 1067 63.5074 1590 1060 62.4244 1580 1053 61.3263 1570 1047 60.2113 1560 1040 59.0780 1550 1033 57.9348 1540 1027 56.7944 1530 1020 55.6413 1520 1013 54.4725 1510 1007 53.2926 1500 1000 52.1009 1490 993 50.9224 1480 987 49.7397 1470 980 48.5449 1460 973 47.3556 1450 967 46.1566 1440 960 44.9528 1430 953 43.7531 1420 947 42.5425 1410 940 41.3276 1400 933 40.1243 1390 927 38.9328 1380 920 37.7371 1370 913 36.5401 1360 907 35.3573 1350 900 34.1848 1340 893 33.0214 1330 887 31.8637 1320 880 30.7209 1310 873 29.5865 1300 867 28.4646 1290 860 27.3632 1280 853 26.2750 1270 847 25.1993 1260 840 24.1399 1250 833 23.1032 1240 827 22.0875 1230 820 21.0863 1220 813 20.1109 1210 807 19.1715 1200 800 18.2462 1190 793 17.3384 1180 787 16.4691 1170 780 15.6303 1160 773 14.8145 1150 767 14.0277 1140 760 13.2678 1130 753 12.5365 1120 747 11.8273 1110 740 11.1387 1100 733 10.4869 1090 727 9.8699 1080 720 9.2785 1070 713 8.7117 1060 707 8.1716 1050 700 7.6531 1040 693 7.1558 1030 687 6.6918 1020 680 6.2537 1010 673 5.8385 1000 667 5.4509 990 660 5.0868 980 653 4.7419 970 647 4.4099 960 640 4.1003 950 633 3.8120 940 627 3.5352 930 620 3.2731 920 613 3.0288 910 607 2.7996 900 600 2.5786 890 593 2.3712 880 587 2.1790 870 580 1.9942 860 573 1.8196 850 567 1.6576 840 560 1.5043 830 553 1.3616 820 547 1.2274 810 540 1.1014 800 533 0.9862 790 527 0.8816 780 520 0.7862 770 513 0.6972 760 507 0.6150 750 500 0.5381 740 493 0.4663 730 487 0.4022 720 480 0.3430 710 473 0.2897 700 467 0.2430 690 460 0.2014 680 453 0.1642 670 447 0.1312 660 440 0.1047 650 433 0.0831 640 427 0.0651 630 420 0.0484 620 413 0.0365 610 407 0.0278 600 400 0.0112 Methodology: How Did We Calculate These High-Precision SAT Percentiles? To calculate the SAT score percentiles above, weusedreal data released by the College Boardon the exact number of students whoearneda certain score.Then, we summed the exact number of students (not a survey, not an estimate- the precise number of students to the single individual) to get the percentile. Within a score group (e.g., those scoring exactly 2110), we presume exactly half are above and half are below so that 600 does not correspond to 0.0000 percentile, nor does a perfect 2400 correspond to 100.0000 percentile exactly. A note about the current SATvs the old SAT:The table above is from the old SAT, with imputed new SAT scores. This means that current SAT scores arenotdirectly from the current SAT; they are calculated from how we would mathematically, or linearly, think about current SAT scores from old SAT scores.This is good enough if you want a rough mapping between the two. Unfortunately, the College Board no longer releases exact numbers of test takers for each score, so we can't update this table for 2017 (though the percentiles shouldn't have changed much anyway!). Did you know boosting your SAT score by 160 points can dramatically change your chances of getting into your dream school?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Do SAT Percentiles Change From Year to Year? As I mentioned above, SAT score percentiles don't change much from year to year, so you canuse any of the 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 scores for each other.However, you shouldn't use very early years (e.g., 2005) since the test does suffer from some long-term drift. It's also important to note thatthe SAT underwent a massive redesign in March 2016, shifting from a 2400-point scale to a 1600-point scale. Despite this change, SAT percentiles- even those based on the old SAT (e.g., 2015 and 2016)- haven't changed much, so you can stilluse the chart above to estimate high-precision percentiles for the current SAT. What’s Next? Now that you know the ins and outs of national SAT percentiles, check out what the average SAT scores are, or take a look at the average SAT scores in your state. Trying to figure out your SAT target score? Maybe you’ve taken the SAT but aren't sure whether your score makes you competitive. If so, check out our guide to SAT scores to help you develop your personal target score using the colleges you want to apply to. Reaching for the stars? Check out what a good SAT score for the Ivy League looks like. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Perfect City in Plato's view, with the philosophers and guardians and Research Paper

Perfect City in Plato's view, with the philosophers and guardians and the working class and how they all work together - Research Paper Example It is far from monarchy which a child of king or queen automatically becomes a ruler by birth right. From this this philosophical thought comes the social and economic stratification which are meant to forge social solidarity in the ideal state (Silvermintz 762) In stratifying, Plato did not discriminate people by birth but by capability and will of who should rule and exercise political power over a state. , "philosophers [must] become kings†¦or those now called kings [must]†¦genuinely and adequately philosophize" (The Republic 5). Plato put so much emphasis on the philosopher king or the philosopher ruler whom designated as the Guardians. They are chosen by an inner calling or daimon and by their birth or privileged station in life. The philosopher kings are also those who are supposed to have a philosophical temperament that can judge between mere appearances of objects and permanent abstract forms or in short, those who can distinguish truth from falsity. For Plato†™s philosopher’s it is necessary for them â€Å"to possess philosophical truths for their own sake, where this in turn implies good regardless of any bene? cial e?ects (Woolf 33). The Guardians are supposed to have a heart of bronze and silver which meant that they have the physical capability and also the intellectual prowess to rule. To have this quality, the philosopher ruler of the ideal city has to undergo rigorous and regulated study which extends until mid-life. Their curriculum of study involves the study of philosophy, the arts, as well as the gymnastics. In the early years of their study, poetry and fictional drama are deemed inappropriate because Plato thought that it could dull the person’s ability to discern and make to make wise judgment. He was also cautious that the undesirable behaviors may be emulated (Republic 395) and that the student may not be able to see its falsity. The study of the Guardians also involved the physical training. To be specifi c, it involves gymnastics and should train physically that is more suited for war. This physical training however must be balanced with music and poetry to avoid the negative tendencies of each training that is, being too physical may make the Guardian brute or too much music and poetry may make the Guardian too soft. Upon the assumption of the role to become The Guardian, the ruler must also have to live an ascetic life and far from the life of a privilege person so that the ruler will not get spoiled which will weaken him. For Plato’s perspective, living a life of comfort will weaken a ruler because it will prejudice him to perpetuate the life that he is beginning to like. To guard against this character weakness, it is mandated that a Guardian or ruler must live a simple life. This also serves as a safeguard from those who wanted to become a Guardian that it is a position of service to its fellow that there are no material incentives in becoming a Guardian. Thus, a Guardia n has no possession also and is not even paid despite the tremendous political power that he wields. Whatever that he has should be donated by society at large and he is not paid for governing. The rationale for this stringent life was that for the Guardian to focus solely on governance. That is, if he will dispense a law or administers justice or that of the state, that he may